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Mercury emissions si artisanal na obere-ọnụ ọgụgụ gold Ngwuputa n'ofe ndịda hemisphere karịrị coal combustion dị ka ndị kasị ibu n'ụwa isi iyi nke mercury.Anyị na-enyocha mercury nkwụnye ego na nchekwa na Peruvian Amazon, nke ukwuu na-emetụta site artisanal gold Ngwuputa. Mmebi ọhịa na Peruvian Amazon nso. Ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo nwetara ntinye mercury dị oke elu, yana mkpokọta methylmercury dị elu na ikuku, akwụkwọ mkpuchi na ala. N'ebe a, anyị na-egosi na nke mbụ na ọhịa ọhịa na-adịghị mma n'akụkụ ebe mgbawa ọla edo na-egbochi nnukwu mercury na gaseous mercury na ọnụego nha anya. Anyị na-edepụta nnukwu mkpokọta mercury n'ime ala, biomass na nnụnụ songbirds na mpaghara ụfọdụ kacha echekwabara na ihe dị iche iche nke Amazon, na-ewelite ajụjụ ndị dị mkpa gbasara etu mmetọ mercury na-egbochi mbọ nchekwa ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ajụjụ gburugburu ebe okpomọkụ. .
Ihe ịma aka na-eto eto maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke oke ọhịa bụ ọrụ aka na obere ọla edo (ASGM) .Ụdị ngwuputa ọla edo a na-eme na mba 70, na-emekarị n'usoro iwu ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, na ihe dị ka 20% nke mmepụta ọla edo nke ụwa1. Mgbe ASGM. bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ndị obodo, ọ na-ebute igbutu oke ọhịa2,3, ngbanwe nke oke ọhịa gaa na ọdọ mmiri4, nnukwu sedimenti dị n'osimiri ndị dị nso5,6, ma bụrụkwa nnukwu ihe na-enye aka na ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ Mwepụta nke ikuku mercury (Hg) na nke kachasị ukwuu. isi mmalite nke mmiri mmiri mercury 7. Ọtụtụ saịtị ASGM siri ike dị na ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ụwa, na-ebute mfu nke di iche iche8, ọnwụ nke ụdị dị nro9 na human10,11,12 na apex predators13, 14 elu ikpughe na mercury.E mere atụmatụ na 675-1000 tons nke Hg yr-1 na-agbanwe agbanwe ma wepụta ya n'ime ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ọrụ ASGM kwa afọ7. Iji nnukwu mercury site n'aka ndị ọrụ aka na obere obere ọla edo agbanweela isi mmalite.nke ikuku mercury ikuku sitere na ugwu zuru ụwa ọnụ ruo n'ebe ndịda zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-enwe mmetụta maka mercury fate, njem njem na usoro ikpughe. Otú ọ dị, a maghị ntakịrị ihe gbasara njedebe nke ikuku mercury ndị a na ntinye ha na nchịkọta ha na-enwe mmetụta na mpaghara ASGM nwere mmetụta.
International Minamata Convention on Mercury batara n'ọrụ na 2017, na Nkeji edemede 7 na-ekwu kpọmkwem banyere mercury emissions site artisanal na obere-ọnụ ọgụgụ gold Ngwuputa.Na ASGM, mmiri mmiri elemental mercury na-agbakwunyere na sedimenti ma ọ bụ ore iji kewaa gold. A na-ekpo ọkụ amalgam. itinye uche na ọla edo na ịhapụ mercury elemental gaseous (GEM; Hg0) n'ime ikuku. Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị mbọ dị iche iche dị ka United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership, United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) na NGO na-agba ume. Dika edere na 2021, mba 132, gụnyere Peru, abanyela na Mgbakọ Minamata ma malite ịmepụta atụmatụ mmemme mba iji kwupụta mbelata ikuku mercury metụtara ASGM. bụrụ nke gụnyere, na-adigide na nke zuru oke, na-eburu n'uche ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala akụ na ụba na ihe egwu gburugburu 15,16,17,18.Atụmatụ ugbu a iji lebara nsonaazụ mercury na gburugburu ebe obibi anya na-elekwasị anya n'ihe ize ndụ mercury jikọtara ya na ọrụ aka na obere obere ọla edo dị nso na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, gụnyere ndị na-egwuputa ihe na ndị bi nso amalgam na-ere ọkụ, na obodo ndị na-eri ọtụtụ azụ na-eri anụ. site n'ikuku mercury vepor site na combustion nke amalgam, nri mercury ikpughe site na oriri azụ, na mercury bioaccumulation na mmiri mmiri webs bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ọtụtụ ASGM metụtara sayensị nnyocha, gụnyere na Amazon.Ọmụmụ ihe mbụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, lee Lodenius na Malm19).
Egwu gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwa n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe mercury sitere na ASGM.Atmospheric Hg nke a tọhapụrụ na ASGM ka GEM nwere ike ịlaghachi na mbara ala site na ụzọ atọ isi20 (Fig 1): GEM nwere ike ịkwado ya na ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe, nke a na-egbochi ya. elu;GEM nwere ike itinye uche ozugbo site na osisi ma tinye ya n'ime anụ ahụ ha;N'ikpeazụ, GEM nwere ike ịbụ oxidized na ụdị Hg (II), nke nwere ike idobe nkụ, tinye ya n'ime ikuku ikuku, ma ọ bụ tinye ya na mmiri ozuzo. Ụzọ ndị a na-enye mercury n'ala site na mmiri mmiri (ya bụ, mmiri ozuzo n'ofe osisi osisi), awụba n'oké osimiri, na mmiri ozuzo. Enwere ike ikpebi ntinye mmiri mmiri site na mmiri mmiri mercury na sedimenti anakọtara na oghere oghere. Enwere ike ikpebi nkwụnye ọkụ dị ka nchikota nke mercury flux na-awụba n'oké osimiri na mercury flux na ọdịda mwepu mercury flux na mmiri ozuzo. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe. edepụtala mmụba nke mercury na gburugburu ụwa na mmiri dị nso na ọrụ ASGM (lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, tebụl nchịkọta na Gerson et al. 22), ikekwe n'ihi ntinye mercury sedimentary na ntọhapụ mercury kpọmkwem. Otú ọ dị, mgbe emelitere ya. Ngosipụta mercury dị nso na ASGM nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọkụ nke mercury-gold amalgam, amabeghị ka esi ebufe Hg a na mpaghara mpaghara yana mkpa dị mkpa nke ntinye dị iche iche.ụzọ niile dị nso ASGM.
Mercury emitted dị ka gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) nwere ike idobe n'ime odida obodo site na ikuku ụzọ atọ. Nke mbụ, GEM nwere ike ịbụ oxidized ka ionic Hg (Hg2+), nke nwere ike ịbanye na mmiri ntanye na-edebe na akwukwo elu dị ka mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri. Nke abuo, GEM nwere ike adsorb ikuku particulate ihe (Hgp), nke a na-egbochi site na akwukwo ma na-asa ya n'ime odida obodo site waterfalls tinyere intercepted ionic Hg. Nke ato, GEM nwere ike itinye uche n'ime akwukwo akwukwo, ebe Hg na-edebe n'ime. Ọ bụ ezie na GEM nwekwara ike gbasaa ma gbasaa ozugbo na ala na litter77, nke a nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ụzọ mbụ maka mercury abanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ebe ọ bụ na ụzọ abụọ n'ime ụzọ atọ nke mercury deposition n'ime odida obodo (site na ọdịda na-awụba n'oké osimiri) na-adabere na mmekọrịta mercury na elu osisi, anyị nwekwara ike ịkọ ọnụego nke mercury dị. etinyere n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na otú o siri sie ike maka ụmụ anụmanụ A na-ekpebi ihe ize ndụ nke mmetụta site na nhazi ahịhịa, dị ka e gosipụtara na nleba anya na oke ohia na oke ohia na ugwu ugwu23. Otú ọ dị, anyị na-aghọtakwa na ọrụ ASGM na-emekarị n'ebe okpomọkụ, ebe nhazi nke mkpuchi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ebe akwụkwọ ekpughere ekpughere dịgasị iche iche. akọwapụtabeghị mkpa ọ dị mkpa ụzọ ntinye nke mercury dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, ọkachasị maka oke ọhịa ndị dị nso na isi mmalite ikuku mercury, nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe ike ya n'oké ọhịa boreal. Ya mere, na nke a. ọmụmụ, anyị na-ajụ ajụjụ ndị a: (1) Kedu ka gaseous elemental mercury na-esi eme naỤzọ nkwụnye ego na-adịgasị iche na ịdị nso nke ASGM na mpaghara akwukwo ahihia nke okpuru ulo?(2) Nchekwa ala mercury nwere njikọ na ntinye nke ikuku? bụ onye mbụ na-enyocha ntinye ntinye ego nke mercury dị nso na ọrụ ASGM na otú mkpuchi mkpuchi si ejikọta na ụkpụrụ ndị a, na nke mbụ na-atụle mkpokọta methylmercury (MeHg) na mpaghara Amazon Amazon. Anyị tụrụ GEM na ikuku, na oke mmiri ozuzo, ntinye, mkpokọta. mercury na methylmercury na epupụta, awụba n'oké osimiri, na ala dị n'ime ọhịa na ebe ndị a na-egbutu ọhịa dị n'akụkụ 200 kilomita nke Osimiri Madre de Dios dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Peru .Anyị na-eche na nso nso ASGM na obodo ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-ere ọkụ Hg-gold amalgam ga-abụ ihe kacha mkpa. ihe ndị na-eme ka mkpokọta Hg dị elu (GEM) na mmiri mmiri Hg (oke mmiri ozuzo).Ebe ọ bụ na ntinye mercury akọrọ (penetration + litter) metụtara tr.Anyị na-atụkwa anya na mpaghara ọhịa ga-enwe ntinye mercury dị elu karịa mpaghara ndị a na-egbutu ọhịa, bụ nke, n'ihi nrịbama mpaghara elu akwụkwọ na mercury na-ejide ikike, otu ihe na-echegbu onwe ya karịsịa. ibi n'ime oke ohia dị nso n'obodo ndị a na-egwuputa ihe nwere ọkwa mercury dị elu karịa anụmanụ ndị bi n'ebe dị anya site n'ebe a na-egwuputa ihe.
Nnyocha anyị mere na mpaghara Madre de Dios dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Peruvian Amazon, bụ ebe a na-egbutu ihe karịrị hectare 100,000 nke ọhịa iji mepụta ASGM3 dị n'akụkụ, na mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime, ala echedoro na nchekwa mba. Ngwuputa n'akụkụ osimiri a dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Amazon mpaghara abawanyela nke ukwuu n'ime afọ iri gara aga25 ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-abawanye na ọnụ ahịa ọla edo dị elu na ụbara njikọta na obodo ndị mepere emepe site na okporo ụzọ transoceanic Ọrụ ga-aga n'ihu 3. Anyị họrọ saịtị abụọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla Ngwuputa (Boca Manu na Chilive). , ihe dị ka 100 na 50 km site na ASGM, n'otu n'otu) - mgbe e mesịrị na-ezo aka dị ka "saịtị dịpụrụ adịpụ" - na saịtị atọ n'ime ebe a na-egwuputa ihe - emesịa na-ezo aka dị ka "saịtị dịpụrụ adịpụ" ebe a na-egwupụta akụ "(Fig. 2A) . Abụọ nke Ngwuputa Ngwuputa. saịtị dị n'oké ọhịa nke abụọ dị nso na obodo Boca Colorado na La Bellinto, otu ebe a na-egwuputa ihe dị n'ime ọhịa na-eto eto na Los Amigos Conservatio.n Concession.Rịba ama na na ogbunigwe Boca Colorado na Laberinto nke ogbunigwe ahụ, mercury vapor nke a na-esi na combustion nke mercury-gold amalgam na-apụta ugboro ugboro, mana ebe a na-amata kpọmkwem ebe na ego ole a na-amaghị n'ihi na ihe omume ndị a na-abụkarị ndị nkịtị na nzuzo;Anyị ga-ejikọta Ngwuputa na mercury Alloy combustion na-ezo aka ọnụ dị ka "ASGM ọrụ" na saịtị ọ bụla, anyị arụnyere sediment samplers na ma oge ọkọchị na mmiri ozuzo na mkpochapụ (ebe ikpochapụ kpamkpam nke na-enweghị osisi osisi) na n'okpuru osisi osisi (oké ọhịa). mpaghara) maka ngụkọta nke ihe omume oge atọ (nke ọ bụla na-adịgide adịgide 1- 2 ọnwa) ) A na-anakọta ntinye mmiri na ntinye ntinye dị iche iche, a na-etinyekwa ndị na-eme ihe n'ikuku ikuku n'ime oghere iji nakọta GEM. N'afọ na-esote, dabere na ntinye dị elu. Ọnụ ego a tụrụ n'afọ mbụ, anyị rụnyere ndị na-anakọta ihe na ogige ọhịa isii ọzọ na Los Amigos.
E gosipụtara map nke ihe nlele ise dị ka okirikiri odo. Ebe abụọ (Boca Manu, Chilive) dị n'ebe dị anya site na ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo, na saịtị atọ (Los Amigos, Boca Colorado na Laberinto) dị na mpaghara ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-emetụta. , na obodo ndị na-egwuputa ihe egosiri dị ka triangles blue. nri).B Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) mkpokọta na saịtị ọ bụla na 2018 ọkọchị (n = 1 nnwere onwe sample kwa saịtị; square akara) na mmiri oge (n = 2 onwe samples; square akara) seasons.C ngụkọta mercury mkpokọta. na mmiri ozuzo anakọtara n'ime ọhịa (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) na igbutu (agba aja aja) mpaghara n'oge ọkọchị nke 2018. Maka igbe igbe niile, ahịrị na-anọchite anya medians, igbe na-egosi Q1 na Q3, whiskers na-anọchi anya 1.5 ugboro interquartile nso (n =5 nnwere onwe samples kwa saịtị ọhịa, n = 4 nnwere onwe samples kwa nbibi ebe sample) .D ngụkọta mercury mkpokọta na epupụta anakọtara na kanopi nke Ficus insipida na Inga feuillei n'oge ọkọchị na 2018 (ekpe axis;gbara ọchịchịrị green square na ìhè green triangle akara, karị) na site na nnukwu-awụba n'oké osimiri na ala (nri axis; olive green okirikiri akara) .A na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ dị ka pụtara na ọkọlọtọ deviation (n = 3 onwe samples kwa saịtị maka ndụ epupụta, n = 1 nnwere onwe sample maka-awụba n'oké osimiri). E gosipụtara data maka oge ndị ọzọ na eserese 1.S1 na S2.
Atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM) kwekọrọ na amụma anyị, na ụkpụrụ dị elu gburugburu ọrụ ASGM-karịsịa gburugburu obodo na-ere ọkụ Hg-gold amalgam-na ọnụ ala dị ala na mpaghara dị anya site na mpaghara Ngwuputa na-arụ ọrụ (Fig 2B) . ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, nchịkọta GEM dị n'okpuru ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ụwa na mpaghara ndịda nke ihe dị ka 1 ng m-326. N'ụzọ dị iche, nchịkọta GEM na mines atọ niile bụ 2-14 ugboro dị elu karịa na mines dịpụrụ adịpụ, na ntinye uche na mines dị nso ( ruo 10.9 ng m-3) dị ka ndị nọ n'obodo ukwu na obodo mepere emepe, na mgbe ụfọdụ gafere ndị dị na US, Industrial Zones na China na Korea 27. Nke a GEM ụkpụrụ na Madre de Dios kwekọrọ na mercury-gold amalgam ọkụ dị ka. isi iyi nke mercury ikuku dị elu na mpaghara Amazon a dịpụrụ adịpụ.
Ọ bụ ezie na mkpokọta GEM na mkpochapụ na-esochi ịdị nso nke Ngwuputa, ngụkọta Mercury na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-adabere na nso nso nke Ngwuputa Ngwuputa na nke oke ọhịa. Mkpebi mercury na oke ohia tozuru oke n'ime ebe a na-egwuputa ihe (Fig 2C) .Los Amigos Conservation Conservation nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ngụkọta mercury n'oge ọkọchị (nso: 18-61 ng L-1) kọrọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ wee jiri ya tụnyere ya. ruo n'ọkwa ndị a tụrụ na saịtị ndị a na-egwupụta n'ala cinnabar na combustion coal ụlọ ọrụ metọru.Ọdịiche, 28 na Guizhou, China.N'ihe anyị maara, ụkpụrụ ndị a na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụ mercury kachasị elu kwa afọ nke a na-agbakọ site na iji oge mercury akọrọ na mmiri mmiri na oke mmiri ozuzo (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Isiokwu mgbakwunye 1). Ebe abụọ ndị ọzọ na-egwuputa ihe enweghị ọkwa dị elu nke ngụkọta mercury ma e jiri ya tụnyere saịtị ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ (nso: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 μg m-2 yr-1) . Ewezuga Hg, naanị aluminum na manganese ebulila ihe ndị dị na mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta akụ, ikekwe n'ihi ikpochapụ ala metụtara ogbunigwe;ihe ndị ọzọ niile a tụrụ atụ na ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ adịghị iche n'etiti Ngwuputa na mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ (Nkwupụta Data File 1), nchoputa kwekọrọ na mercury dynamics 29 na ASGM amalgam combustion, kama uzuzu ikuku, dị ka isi iyi nke mercury na ọdịda ọdịda. .
Na mgbakwunye na ije ozi dị ka adsorbents maka particulate na gaseous mercury, akwụkwọ osisi nwere ike ịmịnye ozugbo ma jikọta GEM n'ime tissues30,31. N'ezie, na saịtị dị nso na ọrụ ASGM, ahịhịa bụ isi iyi nke mercury deposition. Mean focuss of Hg (0.080) -0.22 μg g-1) tụrụ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ sitere na saịtị atọ a na-egwuputa ihe karịrị ụkpụrụ e bipụtara maka oke ọhịa, oke ọhịa, na oke ọhịa dị na North America, Europe, na Eshia, yana oke ọhịa Amazon ndị ọzọ dị na South America, dị na South America.Mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ na nso isi mmalite 32, 33, 34.Concentrations yiri ndị a kọrọ maka foliar mercury na oke ohia agwakọta na China na oke ohia Atlantic na Brazil (Fig 2D) 32,33,34.Na-agbaso ụdị GEM, nke kachasị elu. A na-atụle mkpokọta mercury na nnukwu-awụba n'oké osimiri na akwụkwọ kanopi n'ime ọhịa nke abụọ dị n'ime ebe a na-egwupụta akụ. Otú ọ dị, mercury e mere atụmatụ n'efu bụ nke kasị elu n'ime ọhịa mbụ na Los Amigos mine, ikekwe n'ihi nnukwu mkpofu. Anyị mụbara nke mbụ. kọrọ Peruvian Amazon 35 site na Hg tụrụ na-awụba n'oké osimiri (nkezi n'etiti oge mmiri na ọkọchị) (Fig 3A) .Ntinye a na-egosi na ịdị nso na mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na mkpuchi osisi osisi bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na-enye aka na ibu mercury na ASGM na mpaghara a.
A na-egosi data n'ime ọhịa A na ebe igbutu ọhịa B. Ebe ndị a na-ekpochapụ ọhịa nke Los Amigos bụ ebe ndị na-ekpochapụ ogige nke mejupụtara obere akụkụ nke mkpokọta ala ahụ. A na-egosipụta ụda na akụ ma gosipụta ya dị ka µg m-2 yr-1.N'ihi na n'elu 0-5 cm nke ala, a na-egosi ọdọ mmiri dị ka okirikiri ma gosipụta ya na μg m-2.Percentage na-anọchite anya pasent nke mercury dị na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ flux n'ụdị methylmercury. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'etiti oge ọkọchị (2018 na 2019) na oge mmiri ozuzo (2018) maka ngụkọta mercury site na mmiri ozuzo, oke mmiri ozuzo, na ihe mkpofu, maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ibu mercury. Methylmercury data dabeere na oge ọkọchị 2018, nanị afọ a tụrụ ya. Lee "Usoro" maka ozi na pooling na flux mgbako.C Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mkpokọta mercury ịta na akwukwo ebe index na asatọ ibé nke Los Amigos Conservation Conservation, dabere na nkịtị opekempe square regression.D Mmekọrịta n'etiti mkpokọta mercury ịta na ọdịda na tot.Al surface ground mercury fojusi maka saịtị ise niile dị n'ime oke ọhịa ( okirikiri ndụ ndụ) na igbukpọ osisi (triangles agba aja aja) mpaghara, dị ka nrụrụ ala pere mpe pere mpe (ogwe njehie na-egosi ọdịiche ọkọlọtọ).
N'iji data mmiri ozuzo na-awụba n'oké osimiri na-adịte aka, anyị nwere ike ịlele nha nke ntinye na ọdịnaya mercury nke sitere na mkpọsa atọ ahụ iji nye atụmatụ nke ikuku mercury kwa afọ maka Los Amigos Conservation Conservation (penetration + litter amount + precipitation) maka Atụmatụ mbido. Anyị chọpụtara na ikuku mercury ikuku dị n'ime ọhịa dị n'akụkụ ọrụ ASGM dị elu karịa ugboro 15 karịa n'ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu (137 vs 9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Figure 3 A,B).Nke a mbido mbụ. atụmatụ nke mercury etoju na Los Amigos karịrị a na-akọ na mbụ mercury fluxes nso ebe isi iyi nke mercury n'ime ọhịa dị na North America na Europe (dịka, coal ọkụ), na bụ tụnyere ụkpụrụ na ulo oru China 21,36 .Kwuo ihe niile, ihe dị ka 94 A na-emepụta % nke mkpokọta mercury n'ime ọhịa Los Amigos echekwara site na ntinye akọrọ (ntinye + awụba - mmiri ozuzo mercury), onyinye dị elu karịa nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosipụta ọkwa dị elu nke mercury na-abanye n'ime ọhịa site na ntinye akọrọ site na ASGM na mkpa ọ dị n'ofe ọhịa na-ewepụ mercury nke ASGM sitere na ikuku. ọrụ abụghị naanị Peru.
N'ụzọ dị iche, ebe a na-egbutu osisi n'ebe ndị a na-egwuputa ihe nwere ọkwa mercury dị ala, tumadi site na oke mmiri ozuzo, na-enwe ntakịrị ntinye mercury site na ọdịda na litter. Ntụle nke mkpokọta mercury na nnukwu sedimenti na mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe yiri nke a tụrụ na mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ (Fig 2C). .Mpụtara ịta (nso: 1.5-9.1 ng L-1) nke ngụkọta mercury na ọkọchị oge nnukwu ọdịda dị ala karịa na mbụ kọrọ ụkpụrụ na Adirondacks nke New York37 na bụ n'ozuzu ala karịa ndị nọ n'ime ime Amazon mpaghara38. Ya mere, nnukwu ntinye mmiri ozuzo nke Hg dị ala (8.6-21.5 µg Hg m-2 yr-1) n'akụkụ ebe a na-egbutu ọhịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere GEM, site na-dobe na ihe mkpofu nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, ọ naghị egosipụtakwa ịdị nso na Ngwuputa. N'ihi na ASGM chọrọ igbutu osisi, 2,3 kpochapuru ebe ebe a na-arụ ọrụ Ngwuputa nwere ntinye mercury dị ala site na ikuku ikuku karịa ebe ndị dị nso n'oké ọhịa, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahapụ ASGM na-abụghị nke ikuku ozugbo (dịka ọmụmaatụ.s elemental mercury wụfuru ma ọ bụ ọdụ) nwere ike ịdị elu nke ukwuu.Elu 22.
Mgbanwe nke mercury fluxes hụrụ na Peruvian Amazon bụ nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ime na n'etiti saịtị n'oge oge ọkọchị (oké ọhịa na igbukpọ osisi) (Fig 2) .N'ụzọ dị iche, anyị hụrụ ntakịrị ihe dị iche iche n'ime saịtị na n'etiti saịtị yana yana obere Hg na-agbagharị n'oge mmiri ozuzo (Mgbakwunye 1) .Nke a dị iche iche nke oge (Fig 2B) nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ịdị elu nke Ngwuputa na mmepụta uzuzu na oge ọkọchị. mmepụta, si otú ahụ na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikuku ụmụ irighiri ihe na-amịkọrọ mercury.Mercury na uzuzu mmepụta n'oge ọkọchị nwere ike na-eme ka mercury flux ụkpụrụ n'ime igbukpọ osisi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe ọhịa nke Los Amigos Conservation Conservation.
Dị ka ntinye mercury sitere na ASGM dị na Peruvian Amazon ka a na-edobe n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ na mbara ala bụ isi site na mmekọrịta ya na ikpo ọhịa, anyị nwalere ma njupụta nke osisi dị elu (ya bụ, ndepụta mpaghara akwukwo) ga-eduga na ntinye mercury dị elu. N'ime ọhịa Los Amigos na-adịghị emebi emebi. Conservation Concession, anyị anakọtara dobe dobe si 7 ibé ọhịa nwere dị iche iche kanopi densities. Anyị chọpụtara na akwukwo ebe index bụ ike amụma nke ngụkọta mercury ntinye site ọdịda, na pụtara mkpokọta mercury ịta site ọdịda mụbara na akwukwo ebe index (Fig. 3C). .Ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na-emetụtakwa ntinye mercury site na dobe, gụnyere afọ afọ 34, akwụkwọ adịghị ike, njupụta stomatal, ọsọ ifufe39, ọgba aghara, okpomọkụ, na oge akọrọ.
N'ikwekọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ntinye ego nke mercury kachasị elu, elu ala (0-5 cm) nke ebe ọhịa Los Amigos nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mercury kachasị elu (140 ng g-1 na oge ọkọchị 2018; Fig. 2E) . Ọzọkwa, nchịkọta mercury dị. bara ụba n'ofe profaịlụ ala nke kwụ ọtọ (nke dị 138-155 ng g-1 na omimi nke 45 cm; Ihe mgbakwunye 3). Naanị saịtị gosipụtara mkpokọta mercury ala dị elu n'oge ọkọchị 2018 bụ ebe a na-egbutu osisi dị nso. obodo a na-egwuputa ihe (Boca Colorado) .Na saịtị a, anyị na-eche na oke elu dị elu nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetọ mpaghara nke mercury elemental n'oge ngwakọta, n'ihi na mkpokọta adịghị ebili na omimi (> 5 cm). furu efu n'ịgbanarị ala (ya bụ, mercury a tọhapụrụ n'ikuku) n'ihi mkpuchi mkpuchi nwere ike dịkwa ntakịrị na mpaghara ọhịa karịa ebe a na-egbutu osisi40, na-atụ aro na a na-edobe oke mercury dị ukwuu na nchekwa.Mpaghara ahụ dị n'ime ala. Ngụkọta ọdọ mmiri mercury n'ime oke ọhịa nke Los Amigos Conservation Conservation bụ 9100 μg Hg m-2 n'ime 5 cm mbụ na karịa 80,000 μg Hg m-2 n'ime 45 cm mbụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na akwụkwọ ya na-etinyekarị mercury ikuku, kama ịbụ ala mercury, 30,31 wee bufee mercury a n'ime ala site n'ịda, ọ ga-ekwe omume na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mercury na-eme ka usoro ndị a na-ahụ na ala dị. mercury mkpokọta n'elu ala na mkpokọta mercury n'akụkụ nile nke ọhịa, ebe ọ dịghị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti topsoil mercury na mkpokọta mercury n'oké mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa (Fig. 3D) Ụdị ndị yiri nke ahụ pụtakwara na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri mercury n'elu ala na mmiri ozuzo. ngụkọta mercury na-efegharị n'ime oke ọhịa, mana ọ bụghị n'ebe a na-egbutu osisi (ọdọ mmiri mercury nke elu ala na mkpokọta mmiri ozuzo mkpokọta Mercury fluxes).
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọmụmụ ihe niile gbasara mmetọ mercury terrestrial jikọtara ya na ASGM ejedebere na nha nke mercury zuru oke, mana mkpokọta methylmercury na-ekpebi mercury bioavailability na nchịkọta nri na-esote na mkpughe. A na-ekwenyekarị na ala dị elu nwere obere methylmercury. Otú ọ dị, na nke mbụ, anyị edekọla ọnụ ọgụgụ nke MeHg na ala Amazon dị nso ASGM, na-atụ aro na elu MeHg na-agbatị karịa gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime ebe ndị a metụtara ASGM. , gụnyere ndị na-emikpu n'ime mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo.Ala na ndị na-anọ n'afọ akọrọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke methylmercury na elu ala n'oge 2018 oge ọkọchị mere na mpaghara ọhịa abụọ nke ogbunigwe (Boca Colorado na Los Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g-1, 1.4% Hg dị ka MeHg). na 1.1 ng MeHg g-1, n'otu n'otu, na 0.79% Hg (dị ka MeHg) Ebe ọ bụ na pasent ndị a nke mercury n'ụdị methylmercury dị ka ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'ụwa n'ụwa (Mgbakwunye 4), nnukwu mkpokọta methylmercury pụtara ka ọ dị. ịbụ n'ihi oke ntinye Mercury zuru oke na nchekwa dị elu nke ngụkọta mercury n'ime ala, kama ntụgharị net nke mercury inorganic dị na methylmercury (Mgbakwunye 5) Nsonaazụ anyị na-anọchite anya nha mbụ nke methylmercury na ala dị nso ASGM na Amazon Peruvian. Dị ka ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ si kwuo, mmepụta methylmercury dị elu na mpaghara idei mmiri na nke kpọrọ nkụ43,44 na anyị na-atụ anya na mkpokọta methylmercury dị elu n'oge ọhịa dị nso na ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na-enweta.ibu mercury yiri ya.Ọ bụ ezie na methylmercury Ma enwere ihe ize ndụ nsí na anụ ọhịa dị nso n'ebe ọrụ Ngwuputa ọla edo ka ga-ekpebi, mana ọhịa ndị a dị nso na ihe omume ASGM nwere ike ịbụ ebe na-ekpo ọkụ maka mercury bioaccumulation na terrestrial food webs.
Ihe kacha mkpa na nke ọhụrụ pụtara ọrụ anyị bụ idekọ ibufe nnukwu mercury n'ime ọhịa ndị dị n'akụkụ ASGM. Ihe data anyị na-egosi na mercury a dị na, ma na-agafe na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nri terrestrial. Na mgbakwunye, nnukwu mercury. A na-echekwa ya na biomass na ala ma yikarịrị ka a ga-ahapụ ya na mgbanwe mgbanwe ala4 na ọkụ ọhịa45,46. Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Peruvian Amazon bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche iche nke vertebrate na ụmụ ahụhụ taxa na Earth.High structural complexity in emebibeghị oge ochie okpomọkụ. oke ohia na-akwalite biodiversity nnụnụ48 ma na-enye niche maka ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche49. N'ihi ya, a na-ahọpụta ihe karịrị 50% nke mpaghara Madre de Dios dị ka ala echedoro ma ọ bụ ebe nchekwa mba50. Nrụgide mba ụwa iji chịkwaa ọrụ ASGM na-akwadoghị n'ime obodo. National Reserve Tambopata etoola nke ukwuu n'ime afọ iri gara aga, na-eduga na nnukwu mmanye (Operación Mercurio) nke gọọmentị Peruvian.na 2019. Otú ọ dị, nchoputa anyị na-egosi na mgbagwoju anya nke oke ohia nke na-adabere na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke Amazon na-eme ka mpaghara ahụ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị ike na mercury loading na nchekwa na mbara ala nwere ụbara mercury metụtara ASGM, na-eduga na Mercury zuru ụwa ọnụ na-asọba na mmiri.Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ego a kọrọ na-adabere na atụmatụ mbụ anyị na-ebuli elu mercury fluxes na oke ọhịa dị nso na ASGM. Mgbe nyocha anyị mere n'ime ọhịa echedoro, ụkpụrụ nke ntinye mercury dị elu na njide ga-emetụta oke ọhịa ọ bụla na-eto eto. nso ọrụ ASGM, gụnyere mpaghara nchekwa, yabụ nsonaazụ ndị a dabara na oke ọhịa echedoro na enweghị nchekwa.Ohia nke echedoro yiri ya. Ya mere, ihe ize ndụ dị na ASGM na mbara ala mercury abụghị nanị ihe metụtara mbubata mercury kpọmkwem site na ikuku ikuku, mwụfu, na ọdụ ọdụ, kamakwa ikike nke ọdịdị ala nke ijide, chekwaa na ịtụgharị mercury ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ndụ. ụdị.metụtara potential.methylmercury, na-egosi mmetụta dị iche iche na ọdọ mmiri mercury zuru ụwa ọnụ na anụ ọhịa terrestrial dabere na mkpuchi ọhịa dị nso na Ngwuputa.
Site n'ịkwasa mercury ikuku, oke ọhịa ndị na-adịghị mma dị nso na ngwupụta ọla edo na obere obere nwere ike ibelata ihe egwu mercury na gburugburu mmiri mmiri dị nso na mmiri mmiri mmiri mercury nke ụwa. gburugburu ebe obibi site na ọkụ ọhịa, ụzọ mgbapụ na / ma ọ bụ mgbapụ45, 46, 51, 52, 53. Na Peruvian Amazon, a na-eji ihe dị ka tọn mercury 180 mee ihe kwa afọ na ASGM54, nke ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ na-esi na ikuku55, nyere Conservation Conservation. na Los Amigos. Mpaghara a bụ ihe dịka 7.5 ugboro ngụkọta nke ala echedoro na ihe okike dị na mpaghara Madre de Dios (ihe dị ka hectare 4), nke nwere oke ala echekwara na mpaghara Peruvian ọ bụla, na ndị a. nnukwu mpaghara ala ọhịa na-emebibeghị.N'otu akụkụ n'èzí nkwụnye ego nke ASGM na mercury. Ya mere, mercury sequestration na oke ọhịa adịghị ezu iji gbochie mercury sitere na ASGM ịbanye na ọdọ mmiri mercury ikuku nke mpaghara na nke zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-atụ aro mkpa ọ dị ibelata ikuku mercury ASGM. Ọdịmma nke nnukwu ọnụọgụgụ. Mercury echekwara na sistemu mbara ala na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na amụma nchekwa. Mkpebi n'ọdịnihu banyere otu esi ejikwa oke ọhịa na-emebibeghị, ọkachasị na mpaghara nso ọrụ ASGM, si otú a na-enwe mmetụta maka mkpokọta mercury na bioavailability ugbu a na n'ime iri afọ ndị na-abịanụ.
Ọbụlagodi na oke ohia nwere ike mebie mercury niile a tọhapụrụ n'ime oke ọhịa ebe okpomọkụ, ọ gaghị abụ ihe mgbochi maka mmetọ mercury, ebe ọ bụ na webụ nri terrestrial nwekwara ike ịdị mfe na Mercury. Anyị maara ntakịrị ihe gbasara mkpokọta mercury na biota n'ime oke ọhịa ndị a na-emebibeghị, mana nke mbụ a. nha nke ebe nchekwa mercury terrestrial na ala methylmercury na-atụ aro na ọkwa dị elu nke mercury n'ime ala yana nnukwu methylmercury nwere ike ịbawanye ohere nke ndị bi n'ime ọhịa ndị a.Ihe ize ndụ maka ndị na-eri nri dị elu.Data sitere na ọmụmụ gara aga na terrestrial mercury bioaccumulation na oke oke ohia achọpụtala na oke mercury ọbara na nnụnụ na-ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ mercury na sedimenti, na ụmụ nnụnụ na-eri nri sitere n'ala kpamkpam nwere ike igosipụta mkpokọta mercury Raised 56,57.Elevated mercury concentrations in songbirds is related na mbelata arụmọrụ ịmụ nwa na ihe ịga nke ọma, belata ndụ ụmụ, mmebi mmepe, mgbanwe omume, nchekasị physiological, na ọnwụ58,59. Ọ bụrụ na ihe nlereanya a na-ejide eziokwu maka Amazon Peruvian, nnukwu mercury fluxes nke na-eme n'ime ọhịa na-adịghị emebi emebi nwere ike iduga n'ọtụtụ mercury. na nnụnụ na ndị ọzọ biota, na omume ọjọọ mmetụta.Nke a bụ karịsịa banyere n'ihi na mpaghara bụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ebe dị iche iche hotspot60. Nsonaazụ ndị a na-emesi mkpa ọ dị igbochi ọrụ aka na obere obere ọla edo ka ọ ghara ime n'ime ebe nchekwa mba na ebe nchekwa gburugburu. ha.N'ịhazi ASGM activities15,16 nwere ike ịbụ usoro iji hụ na ejighi ala echedoro.
Iji chọpụta ma mercury echekwara na mpaghara ọhịa ndị a na-abanye na webụ nri terrestrial, anyị tụrụ nku ọdụ nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ egwu bi na Los Amigos Reserve (nke Ngwuputa na-emetụta) na Cocha Cashu Biological Station (nnụnụ ochie na-adịghị emetụta).Total mercury focus.growth Forest), 140 km from our most upstream Bokamanu sampling site. Maka ụdị atọ niile ebe a na-enyocha ọtụtụ mmadụ na saịtị ọ bụla, Hg na-ebuli elu na nnụnụ nke Los Amigos ma e jiri ya tụnyere Cocha Cashu (Fig 4).Nke a ụkpụrụ na-aga n'ihu n'agbanyeghị ụdị nri nri, dịka ihe atụ anyị gụnyere Myrmotherula axillaris, onye na-eri ihe na-eri nri Phlegopsis nigromaculata, na onye na-eri nri Pipra fasciicauda (1.8 [n = 10] vs. 0.9 μg g-1. [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] vs. 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] vs. 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]) .N'ime 10 Phlegopsis nigromaculata Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na Los Amigos, 3 gafere EC10 (ntụgharị uche dị irè maka mbelata 10% na ọganihu ịmụ nwa), 3 gafere EC20, 1 gafere EC30 (lee EC njirisi na Evers58), na ọ dịghị onye Cocha Ụdị Cashu ọ bụla karịrị EC10. Ndị a mbido mbụ. nchoputa, yana nkezi nke mercury ugboro 2-3 dị elu na nnụnụ egwu sitere na ọhịa echedoro n'akụkụ ọrụ ASGM,yana ntinye uche nke mercury n'otu n'otu ruo ugboro iri na abụọ dị elu, na-ebute nchegbu na mmetọ mercury sitere na ASGM nwere ike ịbanye na webụ nri terrestrial.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị igbochi ọrụ ASGM na ogige ntụrụndụ mba na mpaghara nchekwa ha gbara ya gburugburu.
A nakọtara data na Los Amigos Conservation Conservation (n = 10 maka Myrmotherula axillaris [understory invertivore] na Phlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-eso invertivore], n = 46 maka Pipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; akara triangle uhie) na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ na Cocha. Kashu Biological Station (n = 2 kwa ụdị; akara okirikiri green) .Egosipụta mkpokọta dị mma (ECs) iji belata ọganihu ọmụmụ site na 10%, 20% na 30% (lee Evers58) . Foto nnụnụ gbanwere site na Schulenberg65.
Ebe ọ bụ na 2012, ogo ASGM dị na Peruvian Amazon abawanyela karịa 40% na ebe nchekwa na 2,25 ma ọ bụ karịa na mpaghara ndị na-adịghị echekwa. nke na-ebi n'oké ọhịa ndị a. Ọ bụrụgodị na ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-akwụsị iji mercury ozugbo, mmetụta nke mmetọ a na ala nwere ike ịdịgide ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na-enwe ike ịba ụba na-efu site na igbutu osisi na ọkụ ọhịa61,62. Ya mere, mmetọ mercury sitere na ASGM nwere ike ịdịte aka. mmetụta na biota nke oke ọhịa emebibeghị n'akụkụ ASGM, ihe egwu dị ugbu a na ihe egwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu site na mwepụta mercury n'ime ọhịa tolitere nke nwere uru nchekwa kachasị elu.Nchọpụta anyị na terrestrial biota nwere ike nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke mmetọ mercury sitere na ASGM kwesịrị inyekwu mkpali maka mbọ a na-aga n'ihu iji belata mwepụta mercury na ASGM. Mgbalị ndị a gụnyere ụzọ dịgasị iche iche, site na ijide mercury dị mfe. usoro distillation ka ihe ịma aka nke akụ na ụba na nke ọha na eze ga-emezi ọrụ ahụ ma belata mkpali akụ na ụba maka ASGM iwu na-akwadoghị.
Anyị nwere ọdụ ise n'ime 200 km nke Madre de Dios River. Anyị ahọrọla saịtị nlele dabere na nso ha dị nso na ọrụ ASGM siri ike, ihe dịka 50 km n'etiti saịtị nlele ọ bụla, nke a na-enweta site na Osimiri Madre de Dios (Fig 2A) .Anyị nwere. ahọpụtara saịtị abụọ na-enweghị ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ọ bụla (Boca Manu na Chilive, ihe dịka 100 na 50 km site na ASGM, n'otu n'otu), e mesịa, a na-akpọ ya "saịtị dịpụrụ adịpụ". Ebe a na-egwuputa ihe n'ime ọhịa nke abụọ dị nso na obodo Boca Colorado na Laberinto, na otu ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ọhịa bụ isi. Los Amigos Concessions Protection Concessions. Biko mara na na saịtị Boca Colorado na Laberinto dị n'ebe a na-egwuputa ihe, mercury vapor na-esi na combustion pụta. mercury-gold amalgam bụ ihe a na-emekarị, ma a maghị kpọmkwem ebe na ego ole n'ihi na ihe omume ndị a na-abụkarị iwu na-akwadoghị na nzuzo;anyị ga-ejikọta mining na mercury Alloy combustion na-akpọkọta ọnụ dị ka "ọrụ ASGM" .N'oge oge ọkọchị 2018 (July na August 2018) na oge mmiri ozuzo 2018 (December 2018) na ikpochapụ (ebe ndị na-ekpochapụ ọhịa kpamkpam na-enweghị osisi osisi) na n'okpuru osisi canopies (ebe ọhịa), anyị Sediment samplers arụnyere na saịtị ise na Jenụwarị 2019 na-anakọta mmiri deposition (n = 3) na penetration dobe (n = 4), n'otu n'otu. oge ọkọchị na izu abụọ ruo atọ n'oge mmiri ozuzo. N'ime afọ nke abụọ nke oge ọkọchị (July na August 2019), anyị na-etinye ndị nchịkọta (n = 4) n'ime ọhịa isii ọzọ na Los Amigos maka izu ise, dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu dị elu nke a tụrụ na afọ mbụ, E nwere ngụkọta nke oke ọhịa 7 na igbutu osisi 1 maka Los Amigos. Ebe dị anya n'etiti oghere bụ 0.1 ruo 2.5 km. Anyị na-anakọta otu ụzọ GPS n'otu ebe site na iji Garmin GPS na-eji aka.
Anyị deployed passive air samplers maka mercury na nke ọ bụla n'ime anyị ise ebe n'oge 2018 ọkọchị (July-August 2018) na 2018 mmiri ozuzo (December 2018-Jenụwarị 2019) maka ọnwa abụọ (PAS) .One PAS sampler e deployed kwa saịtị. n'oge ọkọchị na abụọ PAS samplers e deployers n'oge mmiri ozuzo.PAS (mepụtara McLagan et al. 63) na-anakọta gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) site passive diffusion na adsorption n'elu a sulfur-impregnated carbon sorbent (HGR-AC) site na. a Radiello© mgbasa ihe mgbochi.Ihe mgbochi mgbasa nke PAS na-eme dị ka ihe mgbochi megide ngafe nke gaseous organic mercury ụdị;ya mere, ọ bụ naanị GEM ka a na-etinye na carbon 64. Anyị na-eji eriri eriri plastik tinye PAS na post banyere 1 m n'elu ala. A na-ekpuchi ndị samplers niile na parafilm ma ọ bụ chekwaa ya na akpa rọba okpukpu abụọ nke nwere ike imegharị tupu na mgbe e deployment.We anakọtara oghere na njem PAS oghere iji chọpụta mmetọ ewepụtara n'oge nlele, nchekwa ubi, nchekwa ụlọ nyocha na njem nlele.
Mgbe a na-ebuga saịtị ise nlele ise, anyị debere ndị na-anakọta mmiri ozuzo atọ maka nyocha mercury na ndị na-anakọta abụọ maka nyocha kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ, na ndị na-anakọta ihe anọ na-agafe maka nyocha mercury n'ebe a na-egbutu osisi.onye na-anakọta ihe, na ndị na-anakọta ihe abụọ maka nyocha kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-anakọta ihe dị otu mita n'ebe ibe ha nọ. Rịba ama na ọ bụ ezie na anyị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke arụnyere na saịtị ọ bụla, n'oge ụfọdụ oge nchịkọta anyị nwere obere ihe nlele n'ihi mmiri mmiri ozuzo, mmadụ. nnyonye anya na ndị na-anakọta ihe, na ọdịda njikọ dị n'etiti tubing na karama nchịkọta. N'ebe ọ bụla ọhịa na ebe a na-egbutu osisi, otu onye nchịkọta maka nyocha nke mercury nwere karama 500-mL, ebe nke ọzọ nwere karama 250-mL;Ndị nchịkọta ndị ọzọ niile maka nyocha kemịkalụ nwere karama 250-mL. A na-echekwa ihe nlele ndị a na friji ruo mgbe friza na-enweghị, wee zigara United States na ice, wee debe ya na oyi ruo mgbe nyocha. site na ọhụrụ styrene-etylene-butadiene-styrene block polymer (C-Flex) tube na ọhụrụ polyethylene terephthalate Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) karama na a akaghị na-eme dị ka vapor mkpọchi. Na ntinye, niile 250 ml PETG karama acidified. na 1 mL trace metal ọkwa hydrochloric acid (HCl) na ihe niile 500 mL PETG karama e acidified na 2 mL Chọpụta metal ọkwa HCl.The mkpokọta maka ndị ọzọ chemical analysis mejupụtara a plastic funnel jikọọ a polyethylene karama site ọhụrụ C-Flex tubing na. a loop na-eme dị ka a vapor lock.All iko funnels, plastic funnels na polyethylene karama bụ acid na-asa tupu deployment.We anakọtara samples iji dị ọcha aka-unyi hand protocol (EPA Method 1669), nọgidere sam.ples dị ka oyi dị ka o kwere mee ruo mgbe ịlaghachi na United States, wee chekwaa ihe nlele na 4 Celsius C ruo mgbe nyocha. Nnyocha ndị gara aga na-eji usoro a egosila 90-110% nwetaghachi maka oghere ụlọ nyocha n'okpuru njedebe nchọpụta na ọkọlọtọ spikes37.
N'ime saịtị ise nke ọ bụla, anyị na-anakọta akwụkwọ dị ka akwụkwọ mkpuchi, na-ejide akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ, ihe mkpofu ọhụrụ, na nnukwu ihe mkpofu site na iji ụkpụrụ aka dị ọcha na-adịghị ọcha (EPA Method 1669) . A na-anakọta ihe nlele niile n'okpuru ikike nchịkọta nke SERFOR. , Peru, na ibubata na United States n'okpuru ikike mbubata USDA. Anyị na-anakọta akwụkwọ osisi sitere na ụdị osisi abụọ a chọtara na saịtị niile: ụdị osisi na-apụta (Ficus insipida) na osisi na-ajụ oyi (Inga feuilleei) .Anyị na-anakọta akwụkwọ. site na osisi osisi na-eji Notch Big Shot slingshot n'oge oge ọkọchị nke 2018, oge mmiri ozuzo 2018, na oge ọkọchị 2019 (n = 3 kwa ụdị) .Anyị na-anakọta akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ (n = 1) site n'ịnakọta akwụkwọ site na mpempe akwụkwọ ọ bụla. alaka ndị na-erughị 2 m n'elu ala n'oge oge ọkọchị nke 2018, oge mmiri ozuzo 2018, na oge ọkọchị 2019. Na 2019, anyị na-anakọta ihe nchịkọta akwụkwọ (n = 1) site na 6 ọzọ nke ọhịa dị na Los Amigos. Anyị na-anakọta. awụba n'oké osimiri (“oke-awụba n'oké osimiri”) n'ime nkata nwere akwa rọba(n = 5) n'oge mmiri ozuzo 2018 na saịtị ise ọhịa niile na n'oge 2019 ọkọchị na mpaghara Los Amigos (n = 5) . Rịba ama na mgbe anyị na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ nkata na-agbanwe agbanwe na saịtị ọ bụla, n'oge ụfọdụ oge nchịkọta. , Ihe nlele anyị dị ntakịrị n'ihi idei mmiri na saịtị na nnyonye anya mmadụ na ndị na-anakọta ihe. A na-etinye nkata niile na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ime otu mita nke onye na-achịkọta mmiri. Anyị na-anakọta nnukwu ihe mkpofu dị ka ihe atụ nke ala n'oge oge ọkọchị 2018, oge mmiri ozuzo 2018, na oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2019. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2019, anyị na-anakọta nnukwu ihe mkpofu n'ofe ebe niile anyị na Los Amigos. Anyị na-etinye ihe nlele akwụkwọ niile n'ime friji ruo mgbe enwere ike ịmegharị ha site na iji friza, wee zigara US na ice, wee chekwaa oyi kpọnwụrụ ruo mgbe nhazi.
Anyị na-anakọta ihe nlele ala na atọ (n = 3) site na saịtị ise niile (meghere na mkpuchi) na ebe Los Amigos n'oge oge ọkọchị 2019 n'oge oge oge atọ niile. A na-anakọta ihe nlele ala niile n'ime otu mita nke onye na-anakọta mmiri ozuzo. Anyị anakọtara ihe atụ nke ala dị ka ala dị n'elu n'okpuru akwa akwa akwa (0-5 cm) na-eji ihe nlele ala. Ọzọkwa, n'oge ọkọchị nke 2018, anyị na-anakọta cores ala ruo 45 cm miri emi wee kewaa ha n'ime akụkụ ise dị omimi. Na Laberinto, anyị nwere ike. naanị na-anakọta otu profaịlụ ala n'ihi na tebụl mmiri dị nso n'elu ala. Anyị na-anakọta ihe nlele niile site na iji usoro aka dị ọcha nke ruru unyi (EPA Method 1669) .Anyị na-etinye ihe nlele ala niile na friji ruo mgbe ha nwere ike oyi na-eji friza, wee bupu ya. na ice na United States, wee chekwaa oyi kpọnwụrụ ruo mgbe nhazi.
Na-eji akwụ efu nke edobere na chi ọbụbọ na mgbede iji jide nnụnụ n'oge oge kachasị mma nke ụbọchị. Na Los Amigos Reserve, anyị na-etinye akwụ ụgwọ ise (1.8 × 2.4) na ebe itoolu. N'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Cocha Cashu Bio, anyị debere 8 ruo 10 foogu nests (12 x 3.2 m) na 19 locations. Na saịtị abụọ ahụ, anyị na-anakọta onye ọ bụla nnụnụ mbụ Central ọdụ nku, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, na-esote kasị ochie feather.We na-echekwa feathers na dị ọcha Ziploc akpa ma ọ bụ manila envelopes na silicone.We anakọtara. ihe ndekọ foto na nha morphometric iji chọpụta ụdị dị ka Schulenberg65 si kwuo, ọmụmụ abụọ ahụ kwadoro SERFOR na ikike site n'aka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha anụ ọhịa (IACUC) .Mgbe a na-atụnyere nnụnụ nnụnụ Hg mkpokọta, anyị nyochara ụdị ndị a chịkọtara nku ha na Los Amigos Conservation Conservation Conservation. na Cocha Cashu Biological Station (Myrmotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
Iji chọpụta Ndekọ Mpaghara Akwụkwọ (LAI), anakọtara data lidar site na iji GatorEye Unmanned Aerial Laboratory, ihe mmetụta ikuku na-enweghị mmadụ (lee www.gatoreye.org maka nkọwa, dịkwa na iji njikọ "2019 Peru Los Friends" June" ) 66. A nakọtara lidar na Los Amigos Conservation Conservation na June 2019, na elu 80 m, ọsọ ụgbọ elu nke 12 m/s, na anya nke 100 m n'etiti ụzọ ndị dị n'akụkụ, ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpuchi n'akụkụ ruru 75. %Njupụta nke isi ihe na-ekesa n'elu profaịlụ ọhịa kwụ ọtọ karịa 200 isi kwa square mita. Ebe ụgbọ elu na-agafe na mpaghara nlele niile na Los Amigos n'oge ọkọchị 2019.
Anyị na-atụle mkpokọta Hg nke PAS-anakọtara GEM site na desorption thermal, fusion, na atomic absorption spectroscopy (USEPA Method 7473) site na iji ngwá ọrụ Hydra C (Teledyne, CV-AAS) .We calibrated CV-AAS site na iji National Institute of Standards. na Nkà na ụzụ (NIST) Standard Reference Material 3133 (Hg standard solution, 10.004 mg g-1) na njedebe nchọpụta nke 0.5 ng Hg.Anyị mere nkwenye na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu (CCV) site na iji NIST SRM 3133 na Standards Control Standards (QCS) site na iji NIST. 1632e (coal bituminous, 135.1 mg g-1) .Anyị kewara onye ọ bụla sample n'ime ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche, tinye ya n'etiti okpukpu abụọ nke sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) ntụ ntụ, ma kpuchie ya na obere oyi akwa nke aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH). 3) ntụ ntụ67.Anyị tụrụ mkpokọta HGR-AC ọdịnaya nke ihe nlele ọ bụla iji wepụ ihe ọ bụla inhomogeneity na nkesa Hg na HGR-AC sorbent.Ya mere, anyị gbakọọ mkpokọta mercury maka nlele ọ bụla dabere na nchikota nke ngụkọta mercury tụrụ site na nchikota nke mercury. arịa ọ bụla na nkeHGR-AC niile sorbent ọdịnaya na PAS. Nyere na ọ bụ naanị otu PAS sample ka anakọtara site na saịtị ọ bụla maka nha nhata n'oge ọkọchị 2018, usoro njikwa na mmesi obi ike na-arụ site n'ịchịkọta samples na usoro nlekota oghere, ụkpụrụ ime, na matrix. -matched njirisi. N'ime oge mmiri ozuzo 2018, anyị na-emegharị nha nke ihe atụ PAS. A na-ewere ụkpụrụ dị mma mgbe ọdịiche pasent nke CCV na matrix-matched bụ ma n'ime 5% nke ndị a na-anabata. uru, na ihe niile usoro oghere dị n'okpuru njedebe nke nchọpụta (BDL) . Anyị na-agbaziri mercury zuru ezu na-atụle na PAS site na iji nlezianya kpebisiri ike site na oghere na njem (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5) .Anyị gbakọọ GEM. nleba anya site na iji mkpokọta mercury adsorbed emeziri nke enweghị oghere nke kewara site na ntinye oge na ọnụego nlele (ọnụego ikuku iji wepụ mercury gaseous kwa nkeji oge;0.135 m3 ụbọchị-1) 63,68, gbanwee maka okpomọkụ na ifufe site na World Weather Online Nkezi okpomọkụ na nha ikuku nwetara maka mpaghara Madre de Dios68. Njehie ọkọlọtọ a kọrọ maka ihe atụ GEM na-adabere na njehie nke ọkọlọtọ mpụga. na-agba ọsọ tupu na mgbe sample.
Anyị tụlere ihe nlele mmiri maka mkpokọta mercury site na oxidation na bromine chloride maka opekata mpe awa 24, sochiri mbelata chloride dị egwu na nhicha na nyocha ọnyà, oyi vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), na gas chromatography (GC) nkewa (Usoro EPA). 1631 nke Tekran 2600 Automatic Total Mercury Analyzer, Rev. E) Anyị rụrụ CCV na oge ọkọchị 2018 na-eji Ultra Scientific gbaara agbamu mmiri mercury ụkpụrụ (10 μg L-1) na nkwenye mbido mbido mbụ (ICV) site na iji NIST akwụkwọ ntụaka ihe. 1641D (mercury na mmiri, 1.557 mg kg-1)) na njedebe nchọpụta nke 0.02 ng L-1. Maka oge mmiri 2018 na oge ọkọchị 2019, anyị na-eji Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L-1). ) maka calibration na CCV na SPEX Centriprep Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) multi-element maka ICV ngwọta ọkọlọtọ 2 A na njedebe nchọpụta nke 0.5 ng L-1. Ụkpụrụ niile natara n'ime 15% nke ụkpụrụ ndị a na-anabata.Fiel.d oghere, oghere mgbari nri na oghere nyocha bụ BDL niile.
Anyị ifriizi-Fikiere ala na akwukwo sample maka ụbọchị ise.We homogenized samples na nyochaa ha maka ngụkọta mercury site thermal decomposition, catalytic mbenata, fusion, desorption, na atomic absorption spectroscopy (EPA usoro 7473) on a Milestone Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). -80) .N'ihi na 2018 akọrọ oge samples, anyị mere DMA-80 ule iji NIST 1633c (fly ash, 1005 ng g-1) na National Research Council of Canada gbaara akwụkwọ ntụaka MESS-3 (mmiri sedimenti, 91 ng g). -1).nhazi nhazi.Anyị na-eji NIST 1633c maka CCV na MS na MESS-3 maka QCS na njedebe nchọpụta nke 0.2 ng Hg. Maka oge mmiri mmiri 2018 na oge ọkọchị 2019, anyị kwadoro DMA-80 site na iji Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0) ng L-1) .Anyị ji NIST Standard Reference Material 2709a (San Joaquin ala, 1100 ng g-1) maka CCV na MS na DORM-4 (protein azụ, 410 ng g-1) maka QCS na njedebe nchọpụta nke 0.5. ng Hg.N'ihi na oge niile, anyị na-enyocha ihe niile samples na oyiri na nabatara ụkpụrụ mgbe RPD n'etiti abụọ samples bụ n'ime 10% nkezi mgbake maka ụkpụrụ niile na matriks spikes nọ n'ime 10% nke ụkpụrụ anabatara, na ihe niile oghere bụ. BDL. Nleta niile akọpụtara bụ ibu akọrọ.
Anyị na-enyocha methylmercury n'ime mmiri mmiri site na ihe omume atọ niile nke oge a, akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ sitere na oge ọkọchị 2018, na ihe atụ nke ala sitere na ihe omume atọ niile. %.Anyị na-enyocha ihe atụ nke oge ọkọchị 2018 site na mmiri ethylation na-eji sodium tetraethylborate, ihicha na ọnyà, na CVAFS na Tekran 2500 spectrometer (EPA method 1630) .Anyị na-eji Frontier Geosciences accredited laabu MeHg ụkpụrụ na sediment QCS iji ERM CC580 na calibration na calibration. njedebe nchọpụta usoro nke 0.2 ng L-1. Anyị nyochara ihe atụ nke oge ọkọchị 2019 na-eji sodium tetraethylborate maka mmiri ethylation, ihicha na ọnyà, CVAFS, GC, na ICP-MS na Agilent 770 (EPA method 1630) 73.Anyị na-eji. Brooks Rand Instruments methylmercury ụkpụrụ (1 ng L-1) maka calibration na CCV na njedebe nchọpụta usoro nke 1 pg. Ụkpụrụ niile enwetara n'ime 15% nke ụkpụrụ anabatara maka oge niile na oghere niile bụ BDL.
N'ebe nyocha nyocha nke Biodiversity Institute Toxicology (Portland, Maine, USA), njedebe nchọpụta usoro bụ 0.001 μg g-1.We calibrated DMA-80 site na iji DOLT-5 (imeju dogfish, 0.44 μg g-1), CE-464 (5.24) μg g-1), na NIST 2710a (Montana ala, 9.888 μg g-1) .Anyị na-eji DOLT-5 na CE-464 maka CCV na QCS. Nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ụkpụrụ niile dị n'ime 5% nke ụkpụrụ a na-anabata, na oghere niile. Ntugharị niile dị n'ime 15% RPD. Ngụkọta nku mercury niile akọpụtara bụ ibu ọhụrụ (fw).
Anyị na-eji ihe nzacha 0.45 μm mee ihe iji nyochaa mmiri mmiri maka nyocha kemịkalụ ọzọ. Anyị nyochara ihe atụ mmiri maka anions (chloride, nitrate, sulfate) na cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium) site na ion chromatography (EPA method 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] iji Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatograph .Akụkọ niile enwetara n'ime 10% nke ụkpụrụ a na-anakwere na oghere niile bụ BDL. Anyị na-eji Thermofisher X-Series II nyochaa ihe ndị dị na mmiri mmiri site na inductively jikọtara plasma mass spectrometry.Ngwaọrụ. A kwadoro ụkpụrụ mmezi site na ntugharị usoro nke ọkọlọtọ mmiri NIST 1643f. Oghere ọcha niile bụ BDL.
Ọgba mmiri niile na ọdọ mmiri ndị a kọrọ na ederede na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eji ụkpụrụ ntinye uche maka oge ọkọchị na mmiri ozuzo. Lee Tebụlụ mgbakwunye 1 maka atụmatụ ọdọ mmiri na fluxes (nkezi mgbanwe afọ kwa afọ maka oge abụọ ahụ) na-eji opekempe na kachasị atụnyere n'oge oge oge akọrọ na mmiri ozuzo. Anyị na-agbakọ ụda mmiri ozuzo nke ọhịa site na Los Amigos Conservation Conservation dị ka nchịkọta mercury site na drop and litter. Anyị na-agbakọ Hg fluxes site na igbukpọ osisi site na oke mmiri ozuzo Hg deposition. Iji mmiri ozuzo kwa ụbọchị si na Los Amigos (anakọtara dị ka akụkụ nke EBLA). ma dị site na ACCA na ịrịọ arịrịọ), anyị gbakọrọ nkezi mkpokọta mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'ime afọ iri gara aga (2009-2018) ka ọ bụrụ ihe dịka 2500 mm yr-1 . Rịba ama na n'ime afọ kalenda 2018, mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dị nso na nkezi a ( 2468mm), ebe ọnwa kacha mmiri (Jenụwarị, Febụwarị na Disemba) bụ ihe dị ka ọkara nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ (1288mm nke 2468mm).Ya mere, anyị na-eji nkezi nke oge mmiri na oge ọkọchị na nchịkọta mmiri niile na mgbakọ ọdọ mmiri. Nke a na-enyekwa anyị ohere ịtụle ọ bụghị naanị ọdịiche dị na mmiri ozuzo n'etiti oge mmiri na oge ọkọchị, kamakwa ọdịiche dị na ọkwa ọrụ ASGM n'etiti oge abụọ a. Ọnụ ọgụgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke mercury kwa afọ a na-akọ site na oke ọhịa dị iche iche na-adịgasị iche n'etiti ịgbasa mkpokọta mercury site na oge ọkọchị na mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ naanị site n'oge ọkọchị, mgbe anyị na-atụnyere ụda agbakọ anyị na ụkpụrụ akwụkwọ, anyị na-atụnyere ụda mercury anyị gbakọrọ , ebe ọmụmụ ọzọ weere nlele. ma n'oge ọkọchị na mmiri mmiri, ma tụleghachi mgbanwe anyị na-eji naanị oge mercury nke oge ọkọchị mgbe ọmụmụ ọzọ weere nlele naanị n'oge ọkọchị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 74).
Iji chọpụta mkpokọta mercury kwa afọ nke oge mmiri ozuzo niile, oke mmiri ozuzo na ihe mkpofu na Los Amigos, anyị jiri ọdịiche dị n'etiti oge ọkọchị (nkezi saịtị Los Amigos niile na 2018 na 2019) na oge mmiri ozuzo (nkezi nke 2018) nkezi mkpokọta. N'ihi na mkpokọta mercury mkpokọta na ebe ndị ọzọ, a na-eji nkezi mkpokọta n'etiti oge ọkọchị 2018 na oge mmiri ozuzo 2018. Maka ibu methylmercury, anyị na-eji data sitere na oge ọkọchị nke 2018, nanị afọ nke methylmercury tụrụ. Iji mee atụmatụ ntụtụ mercury fluxes, anyị na-eji atụmatụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọnụ ahịa ihe mkpofu na ntinye mercury anakọtara site na epupụta na nkata mkpofu na 417 g m-2 yr-1 na Amazon Peruvian. Maka ala Hg ọdọ mmiri na elu 5 cm nke ala. anyị na-eji ọnụ ala Hg a tụrụ atụ (2018 na 2019 akọrọ oge, 2018 mmiri ozuzo) na MeHg mkpokọta na 2018 ọkọchị, na-eme atụmatụ nnukwu njupụta nke 1.25 g cm-3 na Brazil Amazon75.Anyị nwere ike naanị p.mejuputa atụmatụ mmefu ego ndị a na saịtị anyị bụ isi ọmụmụ, Los Amigos, ebe enwere dataset mmiri ozuzo ogologo oge, yana ebe usoro oke ọhịa zuru oke na-enye ohere iji atụmatụ mkpofu anakọtara na mbụ.
Anyị na-ahazi ụgbọ elu lidar site na iji GatorEye multiscale postprocessing workflow, nke na-akpaghị aka na-agbakọ ígwé ojii merged ntụpọ na ngwaahịa raster, gụnyere ụdị elu dijitalụ (DEMs) na mkpebi 0.5 × 0.5 m. Anyị na-eji DEM ma kpochaa igwe ojii lidar (WGS-84, UTM). 19S Mita) dị ka ntinye na GatorEye Leaf Area Density (G-LAD) na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-agbakọ atụmatụ mpaghara akwụkwọ calibrated maka voxel ọ bụla (m3) (m2) n'ofe ala n'elu nke mkpuchi na mkpebi nke 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 1. 1m, na LAI ewepụtara (nchịkọta LAD n'ime kọlụm kwụ ọtọ 1 × 1 m). A na-ewepụtakwa uru LAI nke ebe GPS ọ bụla kpara nkata.
Anyị mere nyocha ọnụọgụgụ niile site na iji R version 3.6.1 statistical software76 na visualizations niile site na iji ggplot2. Anyị mere ule ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ site na iji alfa nke 0.05. A na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ site na iji obere obere square regression. Anyị rụrụ ntụnyere n'etiti saịtị na-eji Nnwale Kruskal na-abụghị parametric yana ule Wilcox ụzọ abụọ.
Enwere ike ịchọta data niile etinyere n'ihe odide a na Ozi Mgbakwụnye yana faịlụ data emetụtara. Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) na-enye data mmiri ozuzo mgbe a rịọrọ ya.
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Dethier, EN, Sartain, SL & Lutz, DA Ọkwa mmiri dị elu na ntụgharị oge nke osimiri kwụsịtụrụ sedimenti na ebe okpomọkụ dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ihi na-egwupụta ọla edo.Process.National Academy of Sciences.science.US 116, 23936-23941 (2019).
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Oge nzipu: Feb-24-2022